Unlocking the Origins of Snake Venom
The origin of snake venom has been a long-time mystery to both
creationists and evolutionists. Interestingly, new research confirms
that the same genes that encode snake venom proteins are active in many
other tissues.
1
According to the biblical record, God’s creation was originally void of
death, disease, and violence. Because of Adam and Eve’s rebellion, the
whole of creation became subject to a curse that resulted in snakes with
venom, stinging arthropods, and countless diseases. One of the chief
questions facing creation biologists and geneticists is how venom was
manifested in the genomes and cellular biology of creatures. A new
scientific model that explains this paradox is gaining credibility
thanks to a variety of studies in different types of organisms.
2,3
In this model, genes and their regulatory sequences have either been
corrupted and/or lost through genome degradation to bring about
scenarios in nature that seem to defy the original harmonious purpose of
God’s creation.
In a published study earlier this year, scientists took a fresh
approach and looked for explanations of snake-venom origins outside the
standard evolutionary paradigm. According to evolutionary ideas, it was
believed that new venom genes were produced by the duplication of other
standard body genes.
3,4 In their work, the researchers
analyzed gene expression in venom glands and other body tissues in a
wide variety of venomous and non-venomous snakes, and even the gecko.
In stark contrast to the typical evolutionary story, the researchers
stated, “We find the hypothesis that snake venom evolves through the
duplication of physiological or body genes and subsequent recruitment
into the venom gland to be unsupported by the available data,” and,
“Indeed for a large number of the gene families claimed to have
undergone recruitment we find evidence of a diverse tissue expression
pattern, including the salivary gland of nonvenomous reptiles.” The
significance of this finding indicates that venom genes are not the
products of alleged evolutionary processes, but are important DNA
sequences that also serve other purposes in a variety of reptile
tissues.
In this new study, researchers used a comprehensive set of 24 reptilian
venom gene families and compared them to the non-venomous Burmese
python genome along with the gene expression datasets from 12 different
python tissues.
1 This research confirmed the emerging
paradigm revealed by the previous study that the genes that encode venom
proteins are actually expressed in many different bodily tissues, and
are not specific to venom glands. The difference regarding venom glands
is that the genes that encode venom proteins are typically expressed in
much greater quantities. This explains the dosage-dependent toxic
properties in venom, which is used to immobilize and kill prey. What the
physiological purpose of these proteins produced at lower
concentrations in other bodily tissues is still largely unknown because
it has not been investigated.
Interestingly, the study prior to this also showed that the elevated
expression of venom genes was likely due to the genetic corruption of
regulatory DNA sequences that act like switches, which ultimately
regulate the levels of venom proteins in specific tissues.
3,4 Creation scientists would predict this type of scenario resulting from the corruption of genetic information.
These two studies demonstrate that venom genes are likely serving other
non-venomous purposes in reptile tissues, and the toxic levels of venom
proteins found in modern venomous snakes is probably due to an
alteration of regulatory sites in the DNA, causing them to be highly
expressed in venom glands (as described in the first publication). This
type of genetic model is predicted by creationists who understand the
concept that genomes have undergone a process of information corruption,
not vertical evolutionary improvement, a process initiated when the
creation became cursed.
References
-
Reyes-Velasco, J. et al. 2014. Expression of venom gene homologs in
diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake
venom. Molecular Biology and Evolution. MBE Advance Access. Published Nov 4, 2014.
-
Tomkins, J. 2014. Fungal Parasitism Marked by Gene Loss, Not Gain. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org September 5, 2014, accessed Dec 9, 2014.
-
Tomkins, J. Decoding Snake-Venom Origins. Creation Science Update. Posted on icr.org September 3, 2014, accessed Dec 9, 2014.
-
Hargreaves, A.D. et al. 2014. Restriction and recruitment - gene
duplication and the origin and evolution of snake venom toxins. Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (8): 2088-2095.
*Dr. Tomkins is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation
Research and received his Ph.D. in genetics from Clemson University.
Article posted on December 15, 2014.
Matthew 1
21 And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.
22 Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,
23 Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.
John 19:30 When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.
John 11:25 Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live.
Merry Christmas!